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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- WHAT IS AN IDENTIFIER?
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- Before you can do anything in any language, you must at
- least know how to name an identifier. An identifier is used
- for any variable, function, data definition, etc. In the
- programming language C, an identifier is a combination of
- alphanumeric characters, the first being a letter of the
- alphabet or an underline, and the remaining being any letter
- of the alphabet, any numeric digit, or the underline. In
- the case of some compilers, a dollar sign is permitted but
- not as the first character of an identifier. It should be
- pointed out that even though a dollar sign may be permitted
- by your C compiler, it is not used anywhere in this tutorial
- since it is not in general use by C programmers, and is not
- even allowed by most compilers. If you do not plan to write
- any portable code, you can use it at will if you feel it
- makes your code more readable.
-
- Two rules must be kept in mind when naming identifiers.
-
- 1. The case of alphabetic characters is significant.
- Using "INDEX" for a variable is not the same as using
- "index" and neither of them is the same as using
- "InDeX" for a variable. All three refer to different
- variables.
-
- 2. As C is defined, up to 32 significant characters can be
- used and will be considered significant by most
- compilers. If more than 32 are used, they will be
- ignored by the compiler.
-
- WHAT ABOUT THE UNDERLINE?
-
- Even though the underline can be used as part of a
- variable name, and adds greatly to the readability of the
- resulting code, it seems to be used very little by
- experienced C programmers. It adds greatly to the
- readability of a program to use descriptive names for
- variables and it would be to your advantage to do so.
- Pascal programmers tend to use long descriptive names, but
- most C programmers tend to use short cryptic names. Most of
- the example programs in this tutorial use very short names
- for that reason.
-
- Any computer program has two entities to consider, the
- data, and the program. They are highly dependent on one
- another and careful planning of both will lead to a well
- planned and well written program. Unfortunately, it is not
- possible to study either completely without a good working
- knowledge of the other. For this reason, this tutorial will
- jump back and forth between teaching methods of program
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- writing and methods of data definition. Simply follow
- along and you will have a good understanding of both. Keep
- in mind that, even though it seems expedient to sometimes
- jump right into the program coding, time spent planning the
- data structures will be well spent and the final program
- will reflect the original planning.
-
- HOW THIS TUTORIAL IS WRITTEN
-
- As you go through the example programs, you will find
- that every program is complete. There are no program
- fragments that could be confusing. This allows you to see
- every requirement that is needed to use any of the features
- of C as they are presented. Some tutorials I have seen give
- very few, and very complex examples. They really serve more
- to confuse the student. This tutorial is the complete
- opposite because it strives to cover each new aspect of
- programming in as simple a context as possible. This
- method, however, leads to a lack of knowledge in how the
- various parts are combined. For that reason, the last
- chapter is devoted entirely to using the features taught in
- the earlier chapters. It will illustrate how to put the
- various features together to create a usable program. They
- are given for your study, and are not completely explained.
- Enough details of their operation are given to allow you to
- understand how they work after you have completed all of the
- previous lessons.
-
- At this point, you should load and run FIRSTEX.C if you
- have not yet done so, to see that your C compiler is
- properly loaded and operating. If you have any problems,
- the COMPILER.DOC file may have help for your compiler. Even
- if it doesn't have help for your particular compiler, the
- notes on another compiler may be helpful for yours since C
- compilers tend to have many things in common.
-
- A DISCUSSION OF SOME OF THE FILES
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- CCL.BAT
-
- This file, which does not exist on the distribution
- disk, is the batch file that calls in an editor, then the
- compiler (pass 1 and pass 2, if it exists), and finally runs
- the resulting compiled program. There are several examples
- of batch files which can be used with various compilers
- given in the "COMPILER.DOC" file on the distribution
- diskette. It is up to you to type in a batch file for use
- with your particular compiler, considering also the method
- required to call in your editor. To use it, simply type the
- batchfile name with the desired filename. After typing in
- your particular CCL.BAT file, try it by typing CCL FIRSTEX.
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- You will get the sourcefile displayed on the monitor by your
- editor. If you don't have one of the compilers listed in
- the "COMPILER.DOC" file, you will have to modify the batch
- file to accomodate your compiler. Note that if you are
- using Turbo C, you can use the Integrated Environment and
- you will not need a batch file. The same is true if you are
- using Microsoft Quick-C, it has its own built in operating
- environment so you will not need a batchfile.
-
- If you have a hard disk available, it will be up to you
- to modify the batch file to use the hard disk. Note that
- most of the batch files have statements to erase the object
- files and executable files after use to prevent the disk
- from filling up with unecessary files after a program has
- served its purpose.
-
- Even though you will have a lot of files to compile and
- run, you will find that a suitable batch file will help you
- to get through the steps quickly and with little typing.
-
- LIST.EXE
-
- This file will list the source files for you with line
- numbers and filename. To use it, simply type "LIST"
- followed by the appropriate filename. Type LIST FIRSTEX.C
- now for an example. The C source code is given later in
- Chapter 14 along with a brief description of its operation.
- After you have completed your study of C, you will have the
- ability to read and understand the source code for this
- program.
-
- PRINTALL.BAT
-
- This is a batch file that will call the above LIST.EXE
- file once for each of the example C programs, printing all
- of the files out. If you want a hardcopy of all of the
- files, enter PRINTALL and watch as your printer fills about
- 150 sheets of paper with C programs.
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- Page 5
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